Should Everybody Have An Account At The Central Bank?

This will be my last posting before Christmas, and depending on what I get up to, possibly the last of 2023. This article is somewhat of a placeholder for my manuscript chapter. It is a group of related topics that I think belongs in there, but not ones that I spent much time looking at. I will revisit this text when I put the manuscript together.

Happy Holidays (and probably) Happy New Year!

In this article, I will breezily run through a few topics that are related to the idea of “everybody getting accounts at the central bank.” Many (but not all) of these proposals are being put forward as a means to fixing the problems with the private banking system that were exposed during recent financial crises, and/or proposals to del with the somewhat backward retail banking infrastructure of the United States of America (and perhaps a few other countries).

Should Central Banks Lend Unsecured To The Private Sector?

This article continues my sequence of articles on central banks as banks, which is projected to be a chapter in my banking manuscript. This article is relatively lightweight, but I wanted to break this issue out of another planned article.

What assets central banks should have on their balance sheet is controversial for some people, but for the post-World War II to 2008 Financial Crisis period, developed countries without currency pegs just held government bonds without raising questions from the bulk of economists. The Financial Crisis forced central banks to buy private sector assets, which re-opened this debate. This article looks at one type of private sector assets to be held — uncollateralised loans to the private sector.

Using Fed Projections To Infer The Term Premium?

I was passed along the article “Views from the Floor — Tighter and Tighter” by the Man Institute published last month. It discusses using the FOMC long-term projections to infer the term premium in the 10-year Treasury yield.

The methodology is straightforward (I have a busy week, so I have not gathered the data to replicate it myself). They describe it as follows:

A better approach is to incorporate the FOMC’s projections of the Fed Funds Rate into the expected path of short rates. This will make term premia estimates more consistent with sub-2% growth. Figure 1 shows that model applied, with an expectation that the short rate matches the Fed Funds Rate over the next year, then it linearly converges to the long-run projection over the next three years, and then remains constant.

The Central Bank And Government Finance

This article continues the sequence of articles on central banks as banks. This article was as brief as possible since it overlapped my book Understanding Government Finance (available for sale cheaply at online bookstores, and I emphasise that it would be an amazing Christmas present for friends and/or enemies (depending on what you think of my writing)). I might need to expand upon the less obvious points herein if this text does get into my book manuscript.

Central banking largely evolved the way it did due to the exigencies of wartime finance. The central government needs control over its financial operations in wartime, and any attempts to interfere by the private sector would be viewed as akin to sabotage. For a free-floating sovereign (and currency pegs are typically broken during major wars), the system guarantees that the financial flows will continue to flow.

Central Bank Balance Sheets

This article continues my series of articles on central banks as banks.

Central bank balance sheets (in the modern era, at least) are relatively simple. There is a split between banks with a currency peg and those without. After that, the key point to keep in mind that the minimum size of the central bank balance sheet is not under the control of the central bank — other actors create a minimal demand for their liabilities. The only freedom of action for central bankers is growing beyond the minimum, which they did not do before the days of Quantitative Easing (QE). The article finishes off with a discussion of consolidation.

This text overlaps material found in my book Understanding Government Finance.

Central Bank Banking Basics

This article continues the plan outlined in the previous article “Central Banks as Banks.” As I described therein, this is projected to become a chapter within my banking primer. I am not going to describe private banking — as that is the job of other chapters — but I will cover the issues of inter-bank transactions. This article is about fundamentals that we normally do not think about.

As the name suggests, central banks are at the centre of the banking system. The objective of a well-run banking system is that you do not have to worry about how it works. So long as everything under the hood is operating, you do not need to enquire how the money gets from one account to another. By not worrying about those details, we tend to only focus on the flashy bits of central banking (e.g., trying to hit an inflation target) instead of the banking system regulation part.

Central Banks As Banks

My plan is to write a draft what should become a chapter for my banking book. The inflation manuscript is in good shape (but way behind schedule), but there’s nothing I can publish from it (other than reposting the edited version of articles posted earlier). This article is somewhat lightweight — it might turn into the introductory section, which I normally just keep as a summary of the chapter contents. The advantage of putting this summary out is that it sort-of explains why I might cover some digressions in the first articles.

Central banks, as the name suggests, are in fact banks. This rather straightforward perspective was lost in the decades after World War II, when central bankers bought into mainstream thinking and they thought of themselves as “benevolent central planners.” Instead of worrying about mundane distractions like credit risks within the system, the researchers were running around pretending they were 1960s control systems engineers optimally determining the trade off between growth and inflation. Of course, this neglect of banking led to the rather awkward Financial Crisis in 2008, where central bankers suddenly had to get a handle on banking risks once again. Since then, central bankers have been quite vigilant about banking risks — at least the ones that are similar to the last crisis.